Section
1: The Need for a New Paradigm
References
from the Book
1.
McDonough, W. and Braungart, M. (2002) Cradle
to Cradle: Remaking the Way We Make Things,
North Point Press, San Francisco
2.
Anderson, S. and Cavanagh, J. (1996) The
Top 200, The Rise of Global Corporate Power,
The Institute for Policy Studies, Washington, DC.
3.
Braithwaite, J. (1980) 'Inegalitarian
Consequences of Egalitarian Reforms to Control Corporate
Crime', Temple Law Quarterly, vol 53, pp1127-1146;
Castleman, B. (1979) 'The
Export of Hazardous Factories to Developing Nations',
International Journal of Health Services, vol 9,
pp569-606; Castleman, B. (1981) 'More
on the International Asbestos Business', International
Journal of Health Services, vol 11, pp339-340; References
cited in Braithwaite, J. and Drahos, P. (2000) Global
Business Regulation, Cambridge University Press,
Cambridge, p267.
4.
Leonard, J. (1988) Pollution
and the Struggle for World Product, Cambridge
University Press; Wheeler, D. and Mody, A. (1992)
'International
Investment Location Decisions: The Case of US Firms',
Journal of International Economics August, pp57-76;
Jaffe, A., Adam, B., Peterson, S., Portney, P. and
Stavins, R. (1995) 'Environmental
Regulation and the Competitiveness of US Manufacturing:
What does the Evidence Tell Us?' (password),
Journal of Economic Literature, vol 33, pp132-163;
References cited in Vogel, D. (1995) Trading
Up: Consumer and Environmental Regulation in a Global
Economy, Harvard University Press.
5.
Porter, M. and van der Linde, C. (1995a) 'Green
and Competitive: Ending the Stalemate',
Harvard Business Review, September-October, pp121-134;
Porter, M. and van der Linde, C. (1995b) 'Toward
a New Conception of the Environment-Competitiveness
Relationship', Journal of Economic Perspectives,
vol IX-4, Fall, pp97-118; Schmidheiny, S. (1992)
Changing
Course: A Global Perspective on Development and
the Environment, The MIT Press, Boston,
MA; Panayotu, T. and Vincent, J. (1997) Environmental
Regulation and Competitiveness, The Global Competitiveness
Report 1997, World Economic Forum, Geneva,
Switzerland; Holliday, C.O., Schmidheiny. S. and
Watts, P. (2002) Walking
the Talk: The Business Case for Sustainable Development,
World Business Council for Sustainable Development/Greenleaf
Publishing, Sheffield, UK.
6.
Porter, M. (1990) The
Competitive Advantage of Nations, The
Free Press, New York (reprinted in 1998), p648.
7.
Benedick, R. (1991) Ozone
Diplomacy: New Directions in Safeguarding the Planet,
Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, p55.
8.
Braithwaite, J. and Drahos, P. (2000) Global
Business Regulation, Cambridge University
Press, Cambridge.
9.
Porter, M. (1990) The
Competitive Advantage of Nations, The
Free Press, New York (reprinted in 1998) p645.
10.
Blazejczak, J. and Lubbe, K. (1993) Environmental
Protection and Industrial Location: The Influence
of Environmental Location - Specific Factors on
Investment Decisions, Erich Schmidt Verlag, Berlin;
Feketekuty, G. (1993) 'The
Link between Trade and Environmental Policy',
Minnesota Journal of Global Trade, vol 2, pp171-205;
Rowlands, I. (1995) The
Politics of Global Atmospheric Change, Manchester
University Press, pp30-31.
11.
Brown, L., Flavin, C. and French, H. (2000) State
of the World 2000: A Worldwatch Institute Report
on Progress Toward a Sustainable Society, WW
Norton, New York/Earthscan, London; in addition,
refer to the Green
Jobs section of ACF (Australian Conservation
Foundation) (2000) Natural
Advantage: Blueprint for a Sustainable Australia,
ACF, Melbourne.
12.
Weale, A. (1992) The New Politics of Pollution,
Manchester University Press.
13.
Brown, R., O'Leary, H. and Browner, C. (1993) Environmental
Technologies Exports: Strategic Framework for US
Leadership, US Department of Commerce, Washington,
DC.
14.
Hawken, P., Lovins, A. and Lovins, L. H. (1999)
Natural Capitalism: Creating the Next Industrial
Revolution, Earthscan, London, Ch 6.
15.
Lovins, A. and Lovins, L. H. (1997) Climate: Making
Sense and Making Money, Rocky Mountain Institute,
Colorado.
16.
The Environmental Sustainability Index is an Initiative
of the Global Leaders of Tomorrow Environment Task
Force, World Economic Forum Annual Meeting 2002.
In collaboration with: Yale Center for Environmental
Law and Policy Yale University Center for International
Earth Science Information Network Columbia University.
17.
Rocky Mountain Institute, McDonough and Braungart
Design Chemistry, Natural Capitalism, Inc, The Wuppertal
Institute, Australian Conservation Foundation (Natural
Advantage: Blueprint for A Sustainable Australia).
18.
Porter, M. and van der Linde, C. (1995a) 'Green
and Competitive: Ending the Stalemate', Harvard
Business Review, September-October, pp121-134.
19.
Button, K. and Weyman-Jones, T. (1992) 'Ownership
Structure, Institutional Organization and Measured
X-inefficiency', American Economic Review, May,
pp439-445.
20.
Hawken, P., Lovins, A. and Lovins, L. H. (1999)
Natural Capitalism: Creating the Next Industrial
Revolution, Earthscan, London.
21.
McDonough, W. and Braungart, M. (1998) 'The Next
Industrial Revolution', The Atlantic Monthly, vol
282, no 4, pp82-92.
22.
Hawken, P., Lovins, A. and Lovins, L. H. (1999)
Natural Capitalism: Creating the Next Industrial
Revolution, Earthscan, London, p116.
23.
Birkeland, J. (2002) Design for Sustainability:
A Sourcebook of Integrated Eco-Logical Solutions,
Earthscan, London.
24.
See Section 2 for further explanation.
25.
The WBCSD was created in 1992 and in 2003 comprised
over 160 major international corporations from more
than 30 countries. It also benefits from a global
network of 35 national and regional business councils
and partner organizations involving over 1000 business
leaders globally.
26.
Womack, J. and Jones, D. (1996) Lean Thinking: Banish
Waste and Create Wealth in Your Corporation, Touchstone
& Design, New York.
27.
Swiss watches command top dollar around the world.
The aluminium in each watch costs approximately
30 cents. Clearly, Swiss watch companies have identified
and targeted being world competitive in the most
profitable part of the supply chain.
28.
It is widely recognized that it is in a nation's
economic interests to add value (Value Adding) to
its raw and natural resources before they are exported
to command premium price for the export of these
resources. Refer to the report of the MMSD Australia
project, 'Facing the Future' (Sheehy, B. and Dickie,
P. (2002) 'Facing the Future', Australian submission
to the Report of the Mining Minerals and Sustainable
Development (MMSD) Project Breaking New Ground,
MMSD/Earthscan, London).
29.
Collins, J. and Porras, J. (1994) Built to Last:
Successful Habits of Visionary Companies, Century,
London.
30.
Foster, R. and Kaplan, S. (2001) Creative Destruction:
Why Companies that are Built to Last Under-Perform
the Market and How to Transform Them, Doubleday
, New York.
31.
Ibid.
32.
Ibid.
33.
Porter, M. and van der Linde, C. (1995a) 'Green
and Competitive: Ending the Stalemate', Harvard
Business Review, September-October, pp121-134; Porter,
M. and van der Linde, C. (1995b) 'Toward
a New Conception of the Environment-Competitiveness
Relationship', Journal of Economic Perspectives,
vol IX-4, Fall, pp97-118.
34.
Anderson , R. (1998) Mid-Course Correction: Toward
a Sustainable Enterprise: the Interface Model, Peregrinzilla
Press, Atlanta, GA.
35.
Refer to the proceedings of the 8th International
Greening of Industry Network Conference, 1999.
36.
Foss, M., Gonzales, E. and Noyen, H. (1999) 'Ford
Motor Company', in Hastings, M. (ed) Corporate Incentives
and Environmental Decision Making, Houston Advanced
Research Center, Houston, TX, pp35-52.
37.
Commonwealth of Australia (1997) Investing for Growth:
The Howard Government's Plan for Australian Industry,
Commonwealth of Australia, p28.
38.
Gordon Moore first expressed Moore 's Law over 30
years ago. Moore, the founder of Intel, noticed
that his engineers had an amazing capability to
double the processing power of the chips they were
designing at a regular rate. He used this insight
to come up with his bold prediction. This prediction
has held true for the last
30.
years.
39.
Transaction costs are the costs of undertaking transactions
between purchaser and seller, supplier and distributor.
40.
Downes, L. and Mui, C. (1998) Unleashing the Killer
App: Digital Strategies for Market Dominance, Harvard
Business School Press, Boston.
41.
The first economist to study transaction costs in
business was Ronald Coase. In his 1937 article 'The
Nature of the Firm' Coase suggested that it was
the costs of transactions which dictated the size
and core business of a firm. For example, a sheet
of paper may only cost a fraction of a cent, but
if you were to purchase it one sheet at a time the
cost of your time would far outweigh the cost of
the piece of paper. By purchasing the paper in bulk,
you reduce the transaction cost of obtaining the
piece of paper to an acceptable level. Coase took
this idea one step further. He made the case that
firms actually formed in order to reduce transaction
costs. For example, in order to purchase reams of
paper individually the transaction costs would still
be high; firms would pool everything from marketing
to the stationery cabinet (where reams of paper
would reside). These transaction costs would even
determine when firms would decrease in size; eventually
the stationery cabinet (or department) would become
too costly to maintain, and would become a prime
candidate for 'outsourcing'; reducing these transaction
costs still further. Coase eventually won the Nobel
Prize for Economics for this research.
42.
Lovins, A., Datta, K., Feiler, T., Rábago,
K., Swisher, J., Lehmann, A. and Wicker, K. (2002)
Small Is Profitable: The Hidden Economic Benefits
of Making Electrical Resources the Right Size, Rocky
Mountain Institute Publications, Colorado.
43.
Womack, J. and Jones, D. (1996) Lean Thinking: Banish
Waste and Create Wealth in Your Corporation, Touchstone
& Design, New York, Ch 2.
44.
This has been given names such as 'reducing our
negative impact on the environment' by a Factor
of 4 (a 75 per cent reduction in resource intensity)
or a Factor of 10 (a 90 per cent reduction in resource
intensity). In short we need to 'do more, with less
for longer'.
45.
Weaver, P., Jansen, J., van Grootveld, G., van Spiegel,
E. and Vergragt, P. (2000) Sustainable Technology
Development, Greenleaf Publishing, Sheffield, UK.
46.
Benyus, J. (1997) Biomimicry: Innovations Inspired
by Nature, William Morrow, New York.
47.
When intelligent engineering and design is brought
into play, big resource savings often cost even
less up front than small or incremental resource
savings. Whole systems engineering allows companies
to tunnel through the cost barrier and achieve multiple
benefits. Chapter 6 of the book Natural Capitalism:
The Next Industrial Revolution has numerous case
studies of this.
48.
von Weizsäcker, E., Lovins, A. and Lovins,
L. H. (1997) Factor Four: Doubling Wealth, Halving
Resource Use, Earthscan, London.
49.
Pigou, A. (1932) The Economics of Welfare, 4th Edition,
Macmillan, London.
50.
Jones, A. (1974) The Roman Economy: Studies in Ancient
Economic and Administrative History, Basil Blackwell,
Oxford, pp116, 127; Hammond, M. (1946) 'Economic
Stagnation in the Early Roman Empire', Journal of
Economic History, Supplement vol 6, pp75-76; For
an introductory book on the subject that provides
an overview of many of the issues relating to energy
discussed in this book see Rifkin, J. (2002) The
Hydrogen Economy, Tarcher/Putnam, New York City.
51.
This material was drawn from the United Nations
Environment Programme Press Release, 'Impact of
climate change to cost the world US$300 billion
a year'.
52.
Refer to the CSIRO Ecosystem Services Project. (Publications
from the Australian Productivity Commission include:
Creating Markets for Ecosystem Services, 19 June
2002, Harnessing Private Sector Conservation of
Biodiversity, Creating Markets for Biodiversity:
A Case Study of Earth Sanctuaries Ltd Constraints
on Private Conservation of Biodiversity, Cost Sharing
for Biodiversity Conservation: A Conceptual Framework.)
53.
Costanza, R., d'Arge, R., de Groot, R., Farber,
S., Grasso, M., Hannon, B., Limburg, K., Naeem,
S., O'Neill, R. and Paruelo, J. (1997) 'The Value
of the World's Ecosystem Services and Natural Capital',
Nature, 387, 15 May, pp253-260.
54.
WBCSD (World Business Council for Sustainable Development)
(1992) Changing Course: A Global Perspective on
Development and the Environment, MIT Press, Boston.
55.
Daily, G. and Ellison, K. (2003) The New Economy
of Nature, Stanford University.
56.
Ehrenberg, R. (2003) 'Rapidly Multiplying Invasive
Species Pose Host of Dangers to US', The Dallas
Morning News, Friday, 19 December.
57.
Every product we buy, every service we use, has
an impact on the planet, otherwise known as an environmental
load. This can be measured by measuring a product's
ecological footprint. How large that ecological
footprint is depends on the amount of energy and
materials needed to make, transport, package, market
and approve it. All products have this 'secret life'
that most of us never consider.
58.
Lovins, A. (2004) 'Energy Efficiency, Taxonomic
Overview for Earth's Energy Balance', in Cleveland,
C. J. (ed) Encyclopedia of Energy, Volume 1, Elsevier.
59.
Ibid, pp20-21.
60.
World Commission on Dams (2000) Dams and Development:
A New Framework for Decision-making, The Report
of the World Commission on Dams, Earthscan, London.
61.
The International Rivers Network (IRN) has developed
a booklet providing background on the formation
of the WCD, a detailed summary of the WCD's findings
and recommendations, and responses from NGOs, institutions
and governments to the report.
62.
Sutton, P. (2000) 'Is it Possible for a Green Economy
to have High Economic Performance?' Green Innovations,
Melbourne (www.green-innovations.asn.au/econ-mdl.htm).
63.
Wilson , A., Uncapher, J., McManigal, L., Lovins,
L. H., Cureton, M. and Browning, W. (1998) Green
Development: Integrating Ecology and Real Estate,
Rocky Mountain Institute/John Wiley & Sons.
64.
Newsweek Special Issue, 37, 'Boom Towns: Is Asia's
Urban Explosion a Blessing or a Curse?'.
65.
The World Federation of Engineering Organisations
(WFEO) has identified megacities as a major area
of concern for the future.
66.
World Bank (2003) World Bank Development Report
2003: Sustainable Development in a Dynamic World,
Oxford University Press, Oxford, Ch 6.
67.
Newman, P. and Kenworthy, J. (1999) Sustainability
and Cities, Island Press, Washington, DC.
68.
Kenworthy, J. (2003) Transport Energy Use and Greenhouse
Gases in Urban Passenger Transport Systems: A Study
of 84 Global Cities, as submitted to the International
Sustainability Conference: Second Meeting of the
Academic Forum of Regional Government for Sustainable
Development 2003, Department of the Premier and
Cabinet, Perth.
69.
Refer to Chapter 19 of this publication on Sustainable
Urban Transport, based on the findings of a study
of Newman, P. and Kenworthy, J. (1999) Sustainability
and Cities, Island Press, Washington, DC.
70.
Kenworthy, J.and Laube.F (2001) 'The Millennium
Cities Database for Sustainable Transport', Soziale
Technik 4, pp17-18.
71.
Newman, P. and Kenworthy, J. (1999) Sustainability
and Cities, Island Press, Washington, DC.
72.
Lovins, A., Datta, E. K. and others (2004) Winning
the Oil Endgame: Innovation for Profits, Jobs, and
Security, Rocky Mountain Institute, Colorado/Earthscan,
London.
73.
Fairbanks, M. and Lindsay, S. (1997) Plowing the
Sea: Nurturing the Hidden Sources of Growth in the
Developing World, Harvard Business School Press,
Boston, Ch's 1-7 (with a Foreword by Michael E.
Porter).
74.
Cited in Roodman, D. (1999) The Natural Wealth of
Nations: Harnessing the Market and the Environment,
Worldwatch Environment Alert Series, WW Norton,
New York/Earthscan, London, p55.
75.
Roodman, D. (1999) The Natural Wealth of Nations:
Harnessing the Market and the Environment, Worldwatch
Environment Alert Series, WW Norton, New York/Earthscan,
London, p54.
76.
Sheehy, B. and Dickie, P. (2002) 'Facing the Future',
Australian submission to the Report of the Mining
Minerals and Sustainable Development (MMSD) Project
Breaking New Ground, MMSD/Earthscan, London.
77.
Romer, P. (1994) 'From Beyond Classical and Keynesian
Macroeconomic Policy', Policy Options, July-August.
78.
Romer, P. (1993) 'Economic Growth', in Henderson,
D. R. (ed) The Fortune Encyclopedia of Economics,
Warner Books.
79.
McMichael, A. (2002) 'The Biosphere, Human Health
and Sustainability', Science, vol 297, p1063; McMichael,
T. (2001) Human Frontiers, Environments and Disease:
Past Patterns, Uncertain Futures, Cambridge University
Press, Cambridge; IPCC (2001a) Climate Change 2000,
IPCC, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, Ch
5.
80.
Lovins, A. and Lovins, L. H. (1982) Brittle Power,
Brick House.
81.
Klare, M. (2001) Resource Wars: The New Landscape
of Global Conflict, Henry Holt Books, New York.
82.
Robinson, B. (2002) Global Oil Vulnerability and
the Australian Situation, Issues and Background
Paper for the Western Australia State Sustainability
Strategy, Government of Western Australia.
83.
Government of Western Australia (2002) Focus on
the Future: The Western Australian State Sustainability
Strategy: Consultation Draft, Department of the
Premier and Cabinet, Perth, p198.